app package:base

A type application. For instance,

typeRep @(Maybe Int) === App (typeRep @Maybe) (typeRep @Int)

Note that this will also match a function type,

typeRep @(Int# -> Char)
===
App (App arrow (typeRep @Int#)) (typeRep @Char)

where arrow :: TypeRep ((->) :: TYPE IntRep -> Type -> Type).

The computation appendFile file str function appends the string str, to the file file. Note that writeFile and appendFile write a literal string to a file. To write a value of any printable type, as with print, use the show function to convert the value to a string first. This operation may fail with the same errors as hPutStr and withFile.

Examples

The following example could be more efficently written by acquiring a handle instead with openFile and using the computations capable of writing to handles such as hPutStr.

>>> let fn = "hello_world"

>>> in writeFile fn "hello" >> appendFile fn " world!" >> (readFile fn >>= putStrLn)
"hello world!"

>>> let fn = "foo"; output = readFile' fn >>= putStrLn

>>> in output >> appendFile fn (show [1,2,3]) >> output
this is what's in the file
this is what's in the file[1,2,3]

applyWhen applies a function to a value if a condition is true, otherwise, it returns the value unchanged. It is equivalent to flip (bool id).

Examples

>>> map (\x -> applyWhen (odd x) (*2) x) [1..10]
[2,2,6,4,10,6,14,8,18,10]

>>> map (\x -> applyWhen (length x > 6) ((++ "...") . take 3) x) ["Hi!", "This is amazing", "Hope you're doing well today!", ":D"]
["Hi!","Thi...","Hop...",":D"]

Algebraic properties

• applyWhen True = id

• applyWhen False f = id

A monomorphic version of <> for NonEmpty.

>>> append (1 :| []) (2 :| [3])
1 :| [2,3]

Attach a list at the end of a NonEmpty.

>>> appendList (1 :| [2,3]) []
1 :| [2,3]

>>> appendList (1 :| [2,3]) [4,5]
1 :| [2,3,4,5]

approxRational, applied to two real fractional numbers x and epsilon, returns the simplest rational number within epsilon of x. A rational number y is said to be simpler than another y' if

• abs (numerator y) <= abs (numerator y'), and
• denominator y <= denominator y'.

Any real interval contains a unique simplest rational; in particular, note that 0/1 is the simplest rational of all.

a

A functor with application, providing operations to

• embed pure expressions (pure), and
• sequence computations and combine their results (<*> and liftA2).

A minimal complete definition must include implementations of pure and of either <*> or liftA2. If it defines both, then they must behave the same as their default definitions:

(<*>) = liftA2 id

liftA2 f x y = f <$> x <*> y

Further, any definition must satisfy the following:

• Identity

  pure id <*> v =
  v

• Composition

  pure (.) <*> u
  <*> v <*> w = u <*> (v
  <*> w)

• Homomorphism

  pure f <*>
  pure x = pure (f x)

• Interchange

  u <*> pure y =
  pure ($ y) <*> u

The other methods have the following default definitions, which may be overridden with equivalent specialized implementations:

• u *> v = (id <$ u)
  <*> v

• u <* v = liftA2 const u v

As a consequence of these laws, the Functor instance for f will satisfy

• fmap f x = pure f <*> x

It may be useful to note that supposing

forall x y. p (q x y) = f x . g y

it follows from the above that

liftA2 p (liftA2 q u v) = liftA2 f u . liftA2 g v

If f is also a Monad, it should satisfy

• pure = return

• m1 <*> m2 = m1 >>= (\x1 -> m2
  >>= (\x2 -> return (x1 x2)))

• (*>) = (>>)

(which implies that pure and <*> satisfy the applicative functor laws).

This module describes a structure intermediate between a functor and a monad (technically, a strong lax monoidal functor). Compared with monads, this interface lacks the full power of the binding operation >>=, but

• it has more instances.
• it is sufficient for many uses, e.g. context-free parsing, or the Traversable class.
• instances can perform analysis of computations before they are executed, and thus produce shared optimizations.

This interface was introduced for parsers by Niklas Röjemo, because it admits more sharing than the monadic interface. The names here are mostly based on parsing work by Doaitse Swierstra. For more details, see Applicative Programming with Effects, by Conor McBride and Ross Paterson.

Concatenation of type-level symbols.

An associative operation NOTE: This method is redundant and has the default implementation mappend = (<>) since base-4.11.0.0. Should it be implemented manually, since mappend is a synonym for (<>), it is expected that the two functions are defined the same way. In a future GHC release mappend will be removed from Monoid.

Some arrows allow application of arrow inputs to other inputs. Instances should satisfy the following laws:

• first (arr (\x -> arr (\y ->
  (x,y)))) >>> app = id

• first (arr (g >>>)) >>>
  app = second g >>> app

• first (arr (>>> h)) >>>
  app = app >>> h

Such arrows are equivalent to monads (see ArrowMonad).

Any instance of ArrowApply can be made into an instance of ArrowChoice by defining left = leftApp.

Provide a Semigroup for an arbitrary Monoid. NOTE: This is not needed anymore since Semigroup became a superclass of Monoid in base-4.11 and this newtype be deprecated at some point in the future.

Splits a type constructor application. Note that if the type constructor is polymorphic, this will not return the kinds that were used.