map -package:Cabal -package:base -package:case-insensitive -package:bytestring -package:blaze-html -package:containers -package:aeson -package:unordered-containers -package:utility-ht -package:ghc package:protolude

A Map from keys k to values a. The Semigroup operation for Map is union, which prefers values from the left operand. If m1 maps a key k to a value a1, and m2 maps the same key to a different value a2, then their union m1 <> m2 maps k to a1.
Map the unwrapped computation using the given function.
Map the unwrapped computation using the given function.
This function maps one exception into another as proposed in the paper "A semantics for imprecise exceptions".
Map each element of a structure to a monadic action, evaluate these actions from left to right, and ignore the results. For a version that doesn't ignore the results see mapM. mapM_ is just like traverse_, but specialised to monadic actions.
The mapMaybe function is a version of map which can throw out elements. In particular, the functional argument returns something of type Maybe b. If this is Nothing, no element is added on to the result list. If it is Just b, then b is included in the result list.

Examples

Using mapMaybe f x is a shortcut for catMaybes $ map f x in most cases:
>>> import Text.Read ( readMaybe )

>>> let readMaybeInt = readMaybe :: String -> Maybe Int

>>> mapMaybe readMaybeInt ["1", "Foo", "3"]
[1,3]

>>> catMaybes $ map readMaybeInt ["1", "Foo", "3"]
[1,3]
If we map the Just constructor, the entire list should be returned:
>>> mapMaybe Just [1,2,3]
[1,2,3]
The mapAndUnzipM function maps its first argument over a list, returning the result as a pair of lists. This function is mainly used with complicated data structures or a state monad.
A map of integers to values a.
Map a function over all the elements of a container and concatenate the resulting lists.

Examples

Basic usage:
>>> concatMap (take 3) [[1..], [10..], [100..], [1000..]]
[1,2,3,10,11,12,100,101,102,1000,1001,1002]
>>> concatMap (take 3) (Just [1..])
[1,2,3]
Map each element of the structure into a monoid, and combine the results with (<>). This fold is right-associative and lazy in the accumulator. For strict left-associative folds consider foldMap' instead.

Examples

Basic usage:
>>> foldMap Sum [1, 3, 5]
Sum {getSum = 9}
>>> foldMap Product [1, 3, 5]
Product {getProduct = 15}
>>> foldMap (replicate 3) [1, 2, 3]
[1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3]
When a Monoid's (<>) is lazy in its second argument, foldMap can return a result even from an unbounded structure. For example, lazy accumulation enables Data.ByteString.Builder to efficiently serialise large data structures and produce the output incrementally:
>>> import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L

>>> import qualified Data.ByteString.Builder as B

>>> let bld :: Int -> B.Builder; bld i = B.intDec i <> B.word8 0x20

>>> let lbs = B.toLazyByteString $ foldMap bld [0..]

>>> L.take 64 lbs
"0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24"
fmap is used to apply a function of type (a -> b) to a value of type f a, where f is a functor, to produce a value of type f b. Note that for any type constructor with more than one parameter (e.g., Either), only the last type parameter can be modified with fmap (e.g., b in `Either a b`). Some type constructors with two parameters or more have a Bifunctor instance that allows both the last and the penultimate parameters to be mapped over.

Examples

Convert from a Maybe Int to a Maybe String using show:
>>> fmap show Nothing
Nothing

>>> fmap show (Just 3)
Just "3"
Convert from an Either Int Int to an Either Int String using show:
>>> fmap show (Left 17)
Left 17

>>> fmap show (Right 17)
Right "17"
Double each element of a list:
>>> fmap (*2) [1,2,3]
[2,4,6]
Apply even to the second element of a pair:
>>> fmap even (2,2)
(2,True)
It may seem surprising that the function is only applied to the last element of the tuple compared to the list example above which applies it to every element in the list. To understand, remember that tuples are type constructors with multiple type parameters: a tuple of 3 elements (a,b,c) can also be written (,,) a b c and its Functor instance is defined for Functor ((,,) a b) (i.e., only the third parameter is free to be mapped over with fmap). It explains why fmap can be used with tuples containing values of different types as in the following example:
>>> fmap even ("hello", 1.0, 4)
("hello",1.0,True)